Risk factors for burn contractures in lower income countries

Burns are a major cause of mortality and morbidity especially in low-middle income countries (LMICs). Burn contractures are particularly disabling and can occur in over 80% of burn survivors. Existing literature, predominantly from High-Income countries (HICs), demonstrates that risk factors for burn contractures are poorly understood, with little agreement on contracture definition or measurement. This study aimed to identify risk factors for burn contracture in LMICs to assist in future prevention strategies. Potential risk factors were identified from the literature and a survey of 17 clinicians with extensive LMIC experience. LMIC sources emphasised socioeconomic considerations more than burn or treatment factors, which predominate in HIC studies. An observational cross-sectional study of 48 adult burn survivors with 126 major joints at risk was undertaken in Bangladesh to evaluate 48 risk factors at person and joint levels, with alpha set at 0.05 for comparative analysis. At person level, employment status, self-discharge and fewer follow-up visits were associated with more severe contractures and greater movement loss. Full-thickness burns were associated with more severe contractures as was younger age at burn. Participants who knew about the risk of contracture development or received pressure treatment had less movement loss; refusal of skin graft was associated with greater movement loss. Joints which had pressure treatment had fewer contractures and grafted joints had less severe contractures. Anatomical location of the joint at risk also significantly affected contracture rates, with implications for the design of future risk factor studies. This thesis presents the most comprehensive framework of contracture risk factors reported to date and reveals important differences between current LMIC risk factors and those in HICs. More work is required to improve whole person and joint outcome measures for accurate determination of risk factors for burn contracture. Recommendations for future research and clinical practice are made

Global Perspectives on Risk Factors for Major Joint Burn Contractures: A Literature Review

Contractures are a frequent consequence of burn injuries, yet our knowledge of associated risk factors is limited. This paper provides an extensive review of relevant literature from both High-Income Countries (HICs) and Low-Middle Income Countries (LMICs).Ninety-four papers (up to June 2019) and eight subsequent publications (up to March 2022) were included, 76% of which were from HICs. The majority of publications were either descriptive studies (4 from HICs, 9 from LMICs) or papers citing putative risk factors (37 from HICs, 10 from LMICs). Seventeen publications (all from HICs) reported on the effects of individual non-surgical therapeutic interventions, often with conflicting results. Two published systematic reviews emphasised the poor quality of evidence available. Only fifteen studies (3 from LMICs) examined potential contracture risk factors with statistical comparisons of outcomes; significant findings from these included demographic, burn, comorbidities, and treatment risk factors. LMIC papers included socioeconomic and healthcare system factors as potential risks for contracture; these were rarely considered in HIC publications. Methodological issues identified from this review of literature included differences in contracture definitions, populations studied, standards of care, joints included and the timing and nature of contracture assessments.This review is the first to collate existing knowledge on risk factors for burn contractures from both HIC and LMIC settings, revealing a surprising lack of robust evidence for many accepted risk factors. In LMICs, where burns are particularly common, universal health provision is lacking and specialist burn care is both scarce and difficult to access; consequently, socioeconomic factors may have more immediate impact on contracture outcomes than specific burn treatments or therapies. Much more work is required to fully understand the relative impacts of risk factors in different settings so that context-appropriate contracture prevention strategies can be developed

Burn Contracture Risk Factors and Measurement in Low-Middle Income Countries: A Clinical Perspective

There is a lack of high-quality published evidence on risk factors for burn contracture formation. The vast majority of research is from High Income Countries (HICs), where many potential risk factors are controlled for by standardised and high-quality healthcare systems. To augment the published literature, burn care professionals with Low Middle Income Countries (LMICs) experience were interviewed for their opinion on risk factors for burn contracture formation. Participants were also asked for their views on identification and measurement of contracture. Seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted (13 burn surgeons and 4 therapists). The average length of experience in burn-care was 13 years. Participants represented Ghana, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Nepal, and India. Participants reported ninety risk factors. Risk factors were later collated according to topic: Non burn individual factors (n=13), Burn injury factors (n=14), Family and community factors (n=9), Treatment factors (n=18), Complications (n=2), Healthcare capacity factors (n=19) and Societal and environmental factors (n=12). The top five most frequently cited risk factors were lack of splinting, lack of physiotherapy, lack of early excision and skin grafting, low socioeconomic status and presence of infection. Although participants had no doubts that they could recognise a contracture, none provided a standardised system of measurement or an operational definition of contracture. Burn care professionals have a wealth of experience and untapped knowledge of risk factors for burn contracture formation in their own population base, but many of the risk factors highlighted by participants have not yet been explored in the literature. Variations in clinicians’ diagnosis and measurement of a burn contracture underscores the need for an agreed, standardised, simple and easily reproducible method of diagnosing and classifying burn contracture

Risk Factors for Burn Contractures: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Lower Income Country

Risk factors for burn contractures require further study, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMICs); existing research has been predominantly conducted in high income countries (HICs). This study aimed to identify risk factors for burn contractures of major joints in a low-income setting. Potential risk factors (n=104) for burn contracture were identified from the literature and a survey of clinicians with extensive experience in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). An observational cross-sectional study of adult burn survivors was undertaken in Bangladesh to evaluate as many of these risk factors as were feasible against contracture presence and severity. Forty-eight potential risk factors were examined in 48 adult patients with 126 major joints at risk (median 3 per participant) at a median of 2.5 years after burn injury. Contractures were present in 77% of participants and 52% of joints overall. Contracture severity was determined by measurement of loss of movement at all joints at risk. Person level risk factors were defined as those that were common to all joints at risk for the participant and only documented once, whilst joint level risk factors were documented for each of the participant’s included joints at risk. Person level risk factors which were significantly correlated with loss of range of movement (ROM) included employment status, full thickness burns, refusal of skin graft, discharged against medical advice, low frequency of follow up and lack of awareness of contracture development. Significant joint level risk factors for loss of ROM included anatomical location, non-grafted burns, and lack of pressure therapy. This study has examined the largest number of potential contracture risk factors in an LMIC setting to date. A key finding was that risk factors for contracture in low-income settings may differ substantially from those seen in high income countries, which has implications for effective prevention strategies in these countries. Better whole person and joint outcome measures are required for accurate determination of risk factors for burn contracture. Recommendations for planning and reporting on future contracture risk factor studies are made